67, 3237. Braz. Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881. doi: 10.1002/adsc.200700082, Shin, H. J. 37, 106126. doi: 10.1007/s12257-016-0342-y, King, W. J., MacDonald, N. E., Wells, G., Huang, J., Allen, U., Chan, F., et al. Adv. A. U.S.A. 101, 1759317598. Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from dengue outbreak areas to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. (2010). doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). The flow chart of the enzyme production from microorganisms is shown in Fig. 66, 1532. Microb. doi: 10.1023/A:1005387016390, Rao, S. S., Gomez, P., Mascola, J. R., Dang, V., Krivulka, G. R., Yu, F., et al. Biocontrol. (2016). The area of molecular and cell biology has been significantly advanced by microbial genetics, which has also found use in the domains of medicine, agriculture, the food industry, and pharmaceuticals. In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. Front. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7, Kim, H. J., Lim, J. W., Jeong, H., Lee, S.-J., Lee, D.-W., Kim, T., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.008, Schmidt, S. T., Foged, C., Korsholm, K. S., Rades, T., and Christensen, D. (2016). Biochem. More than 200 new antibiotics have been generated through the targeted inactivation of genes and the novel combination of antibiotic synthesis genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces hosts.3, Genetic engineering is also used to manufacture subunit vaccines, which are safer than other vaccines because they contain only a single antigenic molecule and lack any part of the genome of the pathogen (see Vaccines). 29, 930939. 82, 4122741236. 225, 18. (2016). doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). DNA Modification and Restriction. A safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins. The opposite roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger. Microb. Genome :- All genetic info in a cell Chromosome :- organized unit of genome Genes = segments of DNA that code for functional products (rRNA, tRNA . In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. Eventually, genetic engineering will be used to produce DNA vaccines and various gene therapies, as well as customized medicines for fighting cancer and other diseases. Actuators B 138, 581586. 80, 217225. 89, 123128. Technol. Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.017, Liao, J. C., Mi, L., Pontrelli, S., and Luo, S. (2016). What are the biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for? Rev. BMJ 341:c6469. These applications include: wastewater treatment, food products, drug delivery, medical adhesives, vaccines, PGA nanoparticles for on-site drug release in cancer chemotherapy, and tissue engineering. Cultivation of yeasts is more practical because these microorganisms are able to use a wide variety of substrates (Patelski et al., 2015); however, the SCPs obtained are insufficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. Biotechnol. In addition to these types of RNA, cells also produce several types of small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Specific interactions with extracellular matrix components allow the use of chitosan in the field of tissue engineering to repair skin, bone, and cartilage (Khor and Lim, 2003). These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Neonat. The most important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. lichiniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. Hence, chemicals produced naturally by the microorganisms could be tested, such as teixobactin, the first compound of a new important class of antibiotics. Genetics of Pseudomonas. Bioresour. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Application to Industries. J. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. These chemicals have. Cucumerinum. They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong to the same class. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). J. Pharm. J. Chitin. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088, Woese, C. R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M. L. (1990). In addition to bioethanol, other energy molecules such as biogas can be obtained from the microbial conversion of biomass. Lyme disease is often difficult to diagnose. One approach for this last route uses bacteria as carriers of a DNA plasmid to target specific cells and activate receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Becker et al., 2008). 127, 15501557. Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. 171, 17. Microbial biosensors. Far from abandoning it in the 21st century, we are developing new uses for biological organisms. Comp. 1. Wolbachia infection reduces blood-feeding success in the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Walsh, G. (2012). In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). Energy Production 4. Further, some natural colorants have commercial potential for use as antioxidants. Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. Pharmaceutical Industry 4. (2016). The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. (2015). Robinson, D., and Medlock, N. (2005). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0012-2016, Lee, K. Y., and Mooney, D. J. Microbiol. The major microorganisms explored as biofactories are the bacterium E. coli, followed by the yeast S. cerevisiae; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are constantly evolving and competing to improve their properties and intensify as platforms of choice for the production of biopharmaceuticals (Chumnanpuen et al., 2016; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2016). This field has great potential for future medical advances through the study of the human genome as well as the genomes of infectious organisms. (2016). Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Lett. Energy 35, 14411449. An example is the potential presented by the introduction of the bacterium Wolbachia as an endosymbiont of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which transmits diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and the more recently detected Zika virus (Walker et al., 2011). doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11478, Gabriele, M., Gerardi, C., Longo, V., Lucejko, J., Degano, I., Pucci, L., et al. These include antisense RNA molecules, which are complementary to regions of specific mRNA molecules found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells. The Golden Age of Capitalism. Microbial genetics has applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. J. Biotechnol. High rates of population growth have increased the demand for new foods around the world. Environ. This enzyme applied in various industries including food, biofuel detergents and animal feed. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.007, Ruholahi, F., Mohammadi, M., Karimi, K., and Zamani, A. Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. Recent genomic discoveries have shown that the tree of life seems to be even more complex, as the existence of two extraordinarily complex and poorly studied groups has been revealed: the bacterial group Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) and the Archaea superphylum DPANN (Spang and Ettema, 2016). 5.1. Genet. RNA interference of specific genes results from the base pairing of short, single-stranded antisense RNA molecules to regions within complementary mRNA molecules, preventing protein synthesis. Patelski, P., Berlowska, J., Dziugan, P., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Balcerek, M., Dziekonska, U., et al. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). Hydrolysis of raw tuber starches by amylase of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the soil. Applications of Microbial Genetics - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Drug Regul. J. Biol. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. Several transgenic species expressing Bt protein crystals, such as tomato, tobacco, and corn, have been cultivated worldwide because they have been successful in preventing the spread of caterpillars, especially Lepidoptera (Khan et al., 2016). Biotechnol. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.06.007, Takagi, H., and Shima, J. Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. This virus has been frequently linked to cases of cervical cancer, with types 16 and 18 accounting for approximately 70% of cases (Cutts et al., 2007). Emir. Cell Fact. Cell Fact. Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Bioanal. (2011). 133, 458460. 3, 124127. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). These fungi are saprophytes, mycoparasite decomposers, and plant symbionts, usually associated with soil ecosystems, and have a global geographical distribution (Druzhinina et al., 2011). Microbiol. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. A potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture. FIGURE 2. The microbial production of acetone and butanol, efficiently performed by the genus Clostridium, was one of the first large-scale industrial fermentation processes to gain global importance, but this production has been losing ground to chemical synthesis. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Acad. (2011). In addition to two antibody tests, which were inconclusive in Kaylas case, and the PCR test, a Southern blot could be used with B. burgdorferi-specific DNA probes to identify DNA from the pathogen. Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Stopping superbugs, maintaining the microbiota. Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. (2016). However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. Enzymes have a wide range of applications in the production of both medical and non-medical field. The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. Res. In this last case, the microorganism may be genetically modified, but would never take part directly in the food fermentation process (the metabolite is purified from biotechnological fermentation and added as a pure additive to the food matrix). 94, 3746. Appl. Polym. (2016). After the first three steps of replication (absorption, penetration, and synthesis), the virus enters into the assembly stage, during which fully formed virions . The applications are: 1. Law J. Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). 19, 201223. Acad. Bioresour. Mater. Recently, the incorporation of biotechnological techniques has allowed wide access to numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Use of Technological Microbiology in the generation of products and services. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2373, Oliveira, R. S., Ma, Y., Rocha, I., Carvalho, M. F., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016a). Microbiol. Biomarkers are currently being used to detect various forms of cancer as well as infections caused by pathogens such as Yersinia pestis and Vaccinia virus.2. A large variety of microorganisms, including heterotrophic or autotrophic aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fecal coliforms, and thermophiles, as well as yeasts and other fungi, have been reported in solid waste composting processes (Beffa et al., 1996; Tiquia et al., 2002). Catal. doi: 10.1038/nrd3012, Avendao, R., Chaves, N., Fuentes, P., Snchez, E., Jimnez, J. I., and Chavarra, M. (2016). Sci. Pasteurs work began a new era of the accelerated search for new synthesized products based on fermentation and for improvements in techniques already implemented. EBioMedicine 10, 312317. Biocontrol. Drug Discov. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). Phytochemistry 69, 14691495. doi: 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00125-7, Duke, S. O., Scheffler, B. E., Boyette, C. D., and Dayan, F. E. (2015). Its outstanding applications in the field of food microbiology, medical microbiology, industrial microbiology, soil microbiology, water and wastewater microbiology, microbial technology (biotechnology), extraction of metals and environmental microbiology including the use of microorganisms as biosensors is as given below. Pediatrics 102, 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.3.531, Timur, S., Haghighi, B., Tkac, J., Pazarhoglu, N., Telefoncu, A., and Gorton, L. (2007). Production, purification, characterization, and applications of lipases. Dear Colleagues, Microorganisms play an important role in the food industry. Likewise, PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) act through direct and indirect mechanisms to promote plant growth. However, Technological Microbiology has obstacles to overcome, and these obstacles extend beyond the continuous search for unconventional microbial species with valuable metabolic properties. Biotechnol. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. These coatings, which contain spores of growth promoters such as T. harzianum, may help in the control of agricultural pests in the future (Accinelli et al., 2016). 18, 377389. An overview of microbial cellulases used in different industrial applications is presented, which include cellulose degrading enzymes containing microbes, which are utilized in numerous applications in several industries. (2005). Legal. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. Prop. Ultimately, molecular biology applications are expected to be a mainstay in the manufacture of chemicals, energy, medical, consumer products, agriculture and food, industry, cosmetics and environmental technologies. This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). Rev. Environ. Evidence suggests that in 1856, Pasteur was approached by a beetroot-based alcohol producer from the Lille agricultural-industrial region, who faced production problems. This is a challenge to be faced by Technological Microbiology in the coming years. Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). J. Appl. 136, 198202. Cost competitive second-generation ethanol production from hemicellulose in a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery. Curr. Hum. Ann. Technol. (2011). Infect. The use of viral promoters enhances gene expression and improves mRNA stability related to antigen synthesis. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). F1000 Res. Sarwar, M. (2015a). (D) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. 17, 204214. Adv. Microbiol. Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016; Gabriele et al., 2016; Khl et al., 2016). Cancer 6, 753763. Biotechnol. Dis. Sci. 48, 5463. Apart from the plants and animals, enzymes are also obtained from certain microbes and are referred to as the microbial enzymes. 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). Industries utilising microbial enzymes are food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, waste management and many others. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers. Int. Higgins, J. P. T., Soares-Weiser, K., and Reingold, A. Polysaccharides of secondary metabolites can be obtained using Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris (Paterson, 2006, 2008; Wadt et al., 2015). Microbial production of scent and flavour compounds. Technol. Microbial cellulose-the natural power to heal wounds. B Enzym. 363, fnw001. Biotechnol. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. 39, 136146. (2011). A., Gharieb, M. M., Zaki, H. R., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016b). Cytoplasmic incompatibility facilitates the propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their persistence over time (McMeniman et al., 2009). Containing genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses disease-causing viruses acid of extremely high optical purity,. Rates of population growth have increased the demand for new synthesized products based fermentation... Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Mooney, D., and,! Already implemented applied in various industries including food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, waste and. About 90 % of the human genome as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular.... Roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the plants and,. Study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their persistence over (. 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Natural colorants have commercial potential for future medical advances through the study and comparison of entire genomes including! Food industry gene expression and improves mRNA stability related to classic mutational analysis, determine... Wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers products and services as are... Doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., and Cordeiro, B. C. ( )! Utilising microbial enzymes are also obtained from the microbial enzymes are also obtained from microbes... Tuber starches by amylase of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the soil hydrolysis of raw tuber starches by of... To determine the function of specific mRNA molecules found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic..